9.ATOD.1

What does this standard mean a child will know and be able to do?

9.ATOD.1.1 Explain the short-term and long-term effects of performance-enhancing drugs on health and eligibility to participate in sports.
The use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports is also referred to as doping. Most performance-enhancing drugs are taken to gain a competitive advantage in sports. Potential short-term effects of performance-enhancing drugs in male users include growth of breast tissue, baldness, shrunken testicles, painful urination, swelling of the prostate gland, severe acne, increased risk of tendonitis or tendon rupture, while female users may miss menstrual cycles, suffer shrinking of the uterus, develop facial hair, a deeper voice, enlarged genitals, increased body hair, severe acne, increased risk of tendonitis or tendon ruptures, decreased breast size, and baldness. Long-term side effects experienced by both men and women include infertility, liver abnormalities and tumors, hypertension, heart and circulatory problems due to the build up of fluids in the body, aggressive behaviors, rage, and violence, psychiatric disorders, and drug dependence. Using performance-enhancing drugs as a teen may cause bone growth to stop and therefore stunt growth.

Most sport organizations have banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs and the consequences if found using these drugs are severe. If an athlete is found to be using performance-enhancing drugs or if sufficient evidence exists to prove prior usage, the athlete can be removed from competition immediately, previous records and titles (individual and team) are considered disqualified and removed, in some cases awards are withdrawn and financial penalties are enacted.
 * The student will summarize the potential short- and long-term risks associated with performance-enhancing drug use.
 * The student will analyze the legal sanctions for using performance-enhancing drugs by sports organizations.

9.ATOD.1.2 Analyze the role of family, community, and cultural norms in deciding to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.
Friends, family, and community and cultural norms can be risk factors that promote drug use; however, each of these factors can also serve in a protective role preventing an individual from using drugs. Teens with positive and close relationships with family members are less likely than other teens to misuse and abuse drugs. Have a trusting and supportive relationship with parents or a guardian is a strong protective factor. When family guidelines and parental expectations are expressed in a supportive and trusting relationship, teens are motivated to behave in more responsible ways. Teens growing up in communities that demonstrate respect for authority and laws are less likely to misuse and abuse drugs. They respect and value the laws of the community and the citizens of that community. Young people who have friends who are not accepting of drug misuse and abuse are less likely to abuse substances. Positive peer pressure and the social expectations to live a drug free lifestyle are also important factors that contribute to resisting drug misuse and abuse.
 * The student will recognize the influence of family, community, and cultural norms on an individual’s decision to misuse or abuse drugs.

9.ATOD.1.3 Contrast prescription medicines, non-prescription medicines, and illegal substances in terms of their use and abuse.
Drug use refers to the use of a chemical substance for the intended purpose, as designed by the manufacturer. Drug misuse refers to the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or non-prescribed medicine that results in the impaired physical, mental, emotional, or social well-being of the user. Drug abuse typically refers to the chronic and excessive intentional misuse of a chemical substance. The definition of a drug includes over-the-counter and prescription drugs, beverages containing alcohol, and illegal substances such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. Drugs are chemical substances that are intended to change the body’s functioning and the use of drugs is considered dangerous when it threatens the health of the user. Over-the-counter drugs are chemical compounds that can be purchased without a physician’s prescription. These drugs are typically purchased to alleviate symptoms associated with minor illnesses or discomforts. If the drug is not used as directed (used too often or more is taken than recommended), this constitutes misuse and creates health risks for the user. Prescription drugs are chemical compounds that can only be acquired with a physician’s prescription. The prescription is individualized for the user and specific information about how much and how often the drug should be taken are provided to the user. When a user does not follow the physician’s prescription or uses drugs that are not prescribed for him/her, this is misuse and creates health risks for the user. Illegal drugs are chemical compounds or substances that have been identified as a threat to an individual or society. Examples of illegal drugs are heroin, LSD, marijuana, PCP, cocaine, methadone, morphine, and opiates. It is illegal in the United States to possess, deliver, or manufacture these substances.
 * The student will differentiate between drug use, misuse, and abuse.
 * The student will summarize the health risks associated with prescription drug use, OTC misuse, illegal drug use, and drug abuse.

9.ATOD.1.4 Summarize the risks of IV drug use, including bloodborne diseases.
Drug users of heroin and other opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, and anabolic steroids are likely to inject these drugs. Additionally they may use unsterile needles or other contaminated equipment placing themselves at risk for acquiring HIV, hepatitis and other bloodborne pathogens. Approximately 1/10 of all new HIV infections are the result of injection drug use. Bacterial infections are likely transmitted through the use of infected needles and the injection site may also become infected due to lack of hygiene and unsterile injection procedures.

When drugs are injected into the blood stream the effects are immediate and an overdose can occur very quickly. The effect of IV drug use is quick and intensive increasing the chance for addiction. Scarring and collapsed peripheral veins are also common among intravenous drug users. Individuals who inject illicit drugs may have “track marks” which is the result of discoloration of the veins due to scarring and the buildup of toxins.
 * The student will determine the risks associated with intravenous drug use.
 * The student will avoid touching body fluids.

9.ATOD.1.5 Predict the effects of substance abuse on other people as well as society as a whole.
When a person abuses alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, he/she creates a ripple effect that reaches those close to him/her, those in the community, and even beyond. Although costs to the individual user are the critical focus of substance abuse prevention, the effects on others cannot be avoided or dismissed. Unintentional injuries associated with alcohol and other drug use affect innocent victims in numerous ways: by motor vehicle crashes and acts of violence; the cost to everyone who maintains automobile and health insurance policies; costs to health care facilities; employers that suffer productivity loss, and families that must repair physical and emotional damages caused by the user.
 * The student will summarize the potential impact of one person’s substance abuse on family and friends.
 * The student will predict the effects of substance abuse on the larger community.

9.ATOD.1.6 Summarize the consequences of alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy.
Alcohol in the blood of a pregnant woman is passed through the placental membranes into the system of a developing fetus. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a lifelong and completely preventable set of physical, mental, and neurobehavioral birth defects associated with alcohol excessive consumption during pregnancy. There has been disagreement among scientists and physicians in the past about the definition of “excessive.” Some believe that one drink a day is permissible. Most physicians argue that any alcohol consumption by a womoan is is or culd be pregnant is potentially dangerous.

An FAS diagnosis requires evidence of abnormalities in three specific areas: growth, central nervous system functions, and facial characteristics. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the leading known cause of mental retardation and birth defects in developed countries. A child with FAS may have the following characteristics: drooping eyelids, small body size and weight, curved spine and hip dislocations, deformed ribs and sternum, small head, bent, fused, webbed, or missing fingers and toes, short upturned nose, sunken nasal bridge, cleft lip or thin upper lip, cleft palate, low-set or poorly formed ears, mental retardation, ADHD, poor body, hand and finger coordination, experience trouble controlling behavior, slower than normal development and failure to “catch up.” Alcohol is a substance that is known to be toxic to human development and it is critical that all pregnant women avoid ALL forms of alcohol during pregnancy. Pregnant women should also avoid tobacco use. Research has suggested links between tobacco use and low-birth weight infants, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, complications during pregnancy, and premature delivery. A smoking mother decreases the amount of oxygen delivered to the fetus and the toxins absorbed in the bloodstream are passed through the placenta to the developing fetus. Tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with stillbirth, neonatal death, low birth weight, and failure to thrive. All pregnant women should avoid tobacco products and secondhand smoke.
 * The student will identify the health risks associated with smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy.